Category: Psychology

The Assignment (3–5 pages) Explain the significance of confidentiality in ethical psychological practice, as it applies to the case above. Explain how your feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and cultural perspectives might influence how you conceptualize this case. Support your explanation with at least two peer-reviewed journal articles on confidentiality from the Learning Resources to support your points. Use correct APA-style format for your paper. For more information on Ethical Psychological Practice read this: 

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Why is it important for counselors to understand the similarities and differences between the sexual response cycles in men versus women? Just need 150 words For more information on Counselors read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counselors

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At least half of the paper should discuss the theory and then you will apply it in arguing for or against some position on the contemporary topic. For more information on Natural Law Theory read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law

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Describe and Evaluate the Effectiveness of Behavioural Therapies” Assignment Brief: 1500 word essay “Describe and Evaluate the Effectiveness of Behavioural Therapies” In your assignment, you should: Ensure your essay is logically structured (introduction, main body & conclusion), and be fully referenced throughout and accompanied by an accurate bibliography. Main body: For the main body you will need to include key research, and show how these illustrate the processes of learning within the therapies you select.  You should describe these succinctly, using appropriate psychological terminology. You should describe at least two behavioural therapies, clearly explaining the processes used and show how they change behaviour. You will need to explain the relevance and usefulness of the therapies in terms of how successful they are in terms of treating maladaptive behaviours.  To evaluate the evidence you should include the following: Consider the effectiveness of behavioural therapies – for example, you could compare and contrast the different exposure therapies and comment on how they compare in terms of effectiveness.  You should use specific research examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the therapies; Consider the limitations associated with behavioural therapies – compare behavioural therapies with other treatments, particularly CBT; discuss the development of CBT and consider whether it has improved overall effectiveness; consider the limitation of behavioural therapies; Consider ethical issues associated with behavioural therapies – use specific examples to illustrate the ethical issues; use comparative techniques to help you analyse how ethical the therapies are in relation to each other (eg, compare & contrast the exposure therapies); discuss whether CBT is more ethical than behavioural therapies. Indicative Learner texts: Cardwell, M., Clark, L., & Meldrum, C. (2003) Psychology for AS-Level  (3rd Ed) HarperCollins: London Cardwell, M. & Flanagan, C. (2015) Psychology AS The Complete Companion Student Book (5th Edition) Oxford University Press: Oxford Cardwell, M. & Flanagan, C. (2012) Psychology A2 The Complete Companion Student Book (3rd Ed) Oxford University Press: Oxford Cardwell, M. & Flanagan, C. (2020) Psychology A Level Year 2: The Complete Companion Student book (Online). (5thed). Oxford University PressCardwell, M. & Flanagan, C. (2019) Psychology A Level Year 2: The Complete Companion Student Book for AQA. (5thed). Oxford University Press: OxfordCardwell, M. & Moody, R. (2019) Psychology A Level Year 1 & AS: Revision Guide for AQA. Oxford University Press: OxfordCardwell, M. & Moody, R. (2019) Psychology A Level Year 2: Revision Guide for AQA. Oxford University Press: OxfordEysenck, M. W. (2015) AQA Psychology: AS and A-Level Year 1. (6th ed). Psychology Press: London Eysenck, M.W. (2000) Psychology For AS-Level  (2nd Ed) Psychology Press Ltd: East Sussex Faudemer, K., Hayden, C., McHale, K. & Simson, C. (eds) (2015) A-Level Year 1 & AS Psychology Exam Board: AQA Coordination Group Publications Ltd (CGP)Flanagan, C., Berry, D., Jarvis, M. & Liddle, R. (2015) AQA Psychology For A Level Year 1 & AS Illuminate Publishing Ltd: CheltenhamFlanagan, C., Berry, D., Jarvis, M. & Liddle, R. (2016) AQA Psychology For A Level Year 2 Illuminate Publishing Ltd: CheltenhamGross, R., McIlveen, R., Coolican, H., Clamp, A., & Russell, J. (2000) Psychology: a new introduction for A-Level  (3rdEd)  Hodder & Stoughton: LondonGross, R. (2015) Psychology The Science of Mind and Behaviour (7th Ed) Hodder Education: LondonHolt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., Vliek, M., Passer, M., & Smith, R. (2019) The Science of Mind and Behaviour. (4thed). McGraw-Hill Education: England Other resources:Ost’s intensive one-session therapy available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKTpecooiecwww.psychologistworld.com/issues/behavioralapproach.phpwww.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.htmlwww.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-therapy.htmlwww.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/psychology/treatment/revise-it/cognitive-behavioural-therapies1.  outline and evaluate behavioural therapies.1.1  described at least two behavioural therapies1.2  applied these therapies to at least one abnormal behaviour 1.2  evaluated behavioural therapies in terms of its effectiveness2.  outline and evaluate cognitive behavioural therapy.2.1  described one form of cognitive behavioural therapy2.2  evaluated cognitive behavioural therapy in terms of its effectiveness 3.  identify and explain ethical issues associated with the use of behavioural therapies./3.1  identified and explained the relevant ethical issues related to the use of behavioural therapies  4. demonstrate use of psychological terminology and sources 4.1  used appropriate psychological terminology with reference to classical and operant conditioning and social learning theory 4.2  correctly referenced work using the Harvard system

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reply to the next 2 discussions from your peers, make sure you include at least one question on each discussion  discussion 1 Motivating operation (MO) discriminative stimuli (SD) are similar in the sense that they both occur prior to a response and they both alter the frequency of behavior (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2020). There are two different types of MO’s: establishing operations and abolishing operations, with establishing operations the value of stimuli as a reinforcer is increased and with abolishing operations the value of stimuli as a reinforcer is decreased (Miltenberger 2016). A SD indicates that reinforcement is available while MO’s alter the effectiveness as a reinforcer at a given time. Four-term contingency: MO: It is 5pm and Shannon has not eaten since 7:30 am, so has been. SD: She sees her mom has some food, Behavior: Shannon asks her mom for a bite of food Consequence: She receives food from her mother. MO: The deprivation from food made food as a reinforcer more valuable SD: Shannon knew from past experiences that if she sees her mother with food, that reinforcement for the behavior of asking for food is available. Behavior: Asking for food Consequence: Hunger is removed. From what I have learned about MO’s behavior analysts can contrive these to make responses occur more or less frequently. If you provide someone with noncontingent attention throughout the day, they are less likely to engage in attention seeking behaviors to gain that reinforcement. If you withhold a stimulus, a response that is reinforced by this stimulus may increase due to deprivation.   Jasmine Carter ABA References: Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson. Miltenberger, R. G. (2016). Behavior modification: Principles and procedures (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. discussion 2   Motivating operations (MO) and Discriminative Stimuli (SD) have similarities and also differences. Some of the similarities that occur before a behavior and alter the frequency of a behavior (Cooper et al., 2020). They are also both known as operant variables. Some differences are that motivating operations alter the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer which makes it more or less likely to occur (Miltenberger, 2016). Motivating operations also evokes behavior when the reinforcer is more valuable and abates behavior when the reinforcer is less valuable (Miltenberger, 2016). Behavior that is evoked is known as establishing operation and behavior that is abated is known as abolishing operation (Miltenberger, 2016). An example of MO would be: I have a stomachache after being Mexican food. My mom reaches in the cabinet and gives me Pepto-Bismol. I asked for some Pepto-Bismol and drink it. The stomachache subsides. In this example, the MO is the stomachache. The value of Pepto-Bismol is altered because of the stomachache. Without a stomachache Pepto would not be valuable. The SD is my mom reaches in the cabinet for Pepto which causes me to ask for it and drink it. Behavior analysts can contrive MOs to change behavior by learning what motivates an individual or what they like in order to target behavior. For example, if you are swinging a child and they are laughing smiling and having fun, you can stop swinging and have them request “more” since they are motivated for this item. Michele Roberts References: Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., & Heward, W.L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Miltenberger, R.G. (2016). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures. Cengage Learning. For more information on Frequency of Behavior read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain

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Explain how you could use the information contained in the Masters and Johnson Human Sexual Response Cycle and the Kaplan three Stages of Sexual Response in your work with clients. In your response, include a clinical scenario to illustrate your points. Just need 150 words For more information on the Human Sexual Response Cycle read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle

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How do you an instructional design? For more information on Principles Of Instructional Design read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_design

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Individual Project 1 – Research Trends in Biopsychology The final project is designed to help you connect the information you learned in this course to real-life problems. I would like to see you integrate the information you have learned throughout the term to conduct a literature review related to one of the topics discussed below Consider the discussion question (you may choose more than one, up to 3) and how it applies to daily life. See what you can find in current peer-reviewed research articles to support the ideas you decide to discuss.  Some examples of the discussion questions found in the Lindberg textbook include: What challenges do you see that daily-life researchers may face in their studies? How can they be overcome? How do you think smartphones and other mobile electronic devices will change psychological research? What are their promises for the field? And what are their pitfalls? Pick a psychological phenomenon that you would like to know more about. What specific hypothesis would you like to test? What psychophysiological methods might be appropriate for testing this hypothesis and why? What is behind the expression “use your gray matter,” and why is it not entirely accurate? If you were interested in the precise time in which a particular brain process occurred, which neuroscience methods could you use? Discuss the role of evolution in understanding what humans call “love” or other forms of prosociality. What are common features of the biochemistry of “love” and “safety,” and why are these important to human health? Name 3–4 environmental factors that influence the epigenome and describe their effects. Do you think omnivores, herbivores, or carnivores have a better chance at survival? The extensive network of multisensory areas and neurons in the cortex implies that much perceptual processing occurs in the context of multiple inputs. Could the processing of unimodal information ever be useful? Why or why not? Would you rather have a really good memory or really good metacognition? How might you train someone to develop better metacognition if he or she doesn’t have a very good memory, and what would be the consequences of that training? Describe the physical state of the genome when genes are active and inactive. Often, the physical characteristics of genetically identical twins become increasingly different as they age, even at the molecular level. Explain why this is so (use the terms “environment” and “epigenome”). Name 3–4 environmental factors that influence the epigenome and describe their effects. Explain how the food we eat affects gene expression. Can the diets of parents affect their offspring’s epigenome? Why is converging evidence the best kind of evidence in the study of brain function? If you were interested in whether a particular brain area was involved in a specific behavior, what neuroscience methods could you use? If you were interested in the precise time in which a particular brain process occurred, which neuroscience methods could you use? Use these discussion questions from the textbook to help you explore ideas for your paper. They discuss current trends in biopsychological research and are relevant to our course. Pick one – three (1-3) of these discussion questions from the text and discuss how you feel this research has added to the area of biopsychology. What answers do you propose to the discussion questions? Discuss: What implications does the research have for your personal or professional life? What are some ethical, cultural (i.e. gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, religious), global, or legal issues related to the research you are discussing? Use at least two (2) peer-reviewed journal articles for your project from the last 5 years. You will find these articles in the library. If you need assistance finding articles, please consult with the libraries. There are chat options available. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages in length. Be sure to use APA formatting in your writing. You can become more familiar with these guidelines by reviewing the following resources: For more information on Biopsychology read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience

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Write 1 to 2 Pages APA Style  What do you think is the most important factor in preventing youth violence? Be sure to include the responses to the questions below in your paper. 1. Becoming A Delinquent: General and Neurological Factors 2. Becoming A Delinquent: How Family, Peer, and Community Influences interact 3. Long Term Prospects 4. PReventing and Treating Delinquency For more information on Youth Violence read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence

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Discussion: Distinguishing Narcissistic Personalities 5:1 In this Discussion, you analyze a case to determine if the offender or offenders exhibit oblivious or vulnerable narcissistic traits. You evaluate the role of empathy in narcissism. You also address the challenges of working with individuals with narcissistic personalities. Analyze the Development of Narcissism Diagram. Select one of the following cases and research the case online: Sandy Hook school shooting Columbine High School shooting Virginia Tech school shooting Explain whether the shooter(s) in the case demonstrated oblivious narcissism or vulnerable narcissism. Explain whether the shooter(s) showed empathy or lack of empathy. Provide specific examples to support your conclusions. Depending upon the type of narcissism the shooter exhibits (vulnerable or overt), what challenges might a forensic psychology professional face when trying to establish rapport with this type of individual? Explain pre-offense events that took place and possible post-offense events that might have occurred if the shooter(s) had survived. For more information on Narcissistic Personalities read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_withdrawal

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